GFAP and brain injury: It has been shown that patients who have suffered multiple traumatic injuries, with no history of brain injury, show control levels of GFAP expression, while patients with a history of brain injury show increased GFAP expression as a function of the severity of brain injury (Vos et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2011; Metting et al., 2012; Zurek and Fedora, 2012).