Summing up findings in the present study, we have shown that (a) relationships between AR expression and tumor characteristics are in agreement with reports in the literature; (b) the association with AR expression confirms testosterone levels as a marker of hormone-dependent disease; (c) a subset of patients characterized by AR-absent expression and elevated levels of testosterone has been identified; and (d) the contemporary evaluation of ER status, AR expression, and circulating testosterone levels may identify different subsets of cancers whose growth may be influenced by androgens. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is cancer.