AR and cancer: Summing up findings in the present study, we have shown that (a) relationships between AR expression and tumor characteristics are in agreement with reports in the literature; (b) the association with AR expression confirms testosterone levels as a marker of hormone-dependent disease; (c) a subset of patients characterized by AR-absent expression and elevated levels of testosterone has been identified; and (d) the contemporary evaluation of ER status, AR expression, and circulating testosterone levels may identify different subsets of cancers whose growth may be influenced by androgens.