Additionally, SOCS proteins that can downregulate JAK and STAT1 phosphorylation are actually induced by Toxoplasma infection [12], and the expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that are known to dephosphorylate JAK1, JAK2, or STAT1 [44] are not downregulated by infection alone [19]. Here, STAT1 is linked to infection.