Finally, it is worth noting that early premalignant breast cancer lesions, such as hyperplastic lesions with atypia and carcinoma in situ, are characterized by a complete or partially filled lumen and that increased signaling through the Erk1/2 MAPKs pathway has been implicated in several types of human breast cancer and in many experimental models of cancer progression [25]. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is cancer.