CD86 and anemia: This revealed significant associations for the same set of variables as for infection alone, namely that higher parasitaemia loads were associated with younger age (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.0–14.0; p<0.05), more frequent anaemia (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.0–7.5; p<0.01), significantly fewer Treg (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.6–9.2; p<0.01) and a significantly higher proportion of B cells expressing high levels of CD86 (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4–8.2; p<0.01).