TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Furthermore, human mutations in (Cu/Zn) superoxide dismutase-1 (mSOD1) G93A and G85R, which cause non-cell-autonomous motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), activate microglia and induce production of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and NO [11].