IRS1 and retinal disorder: Only recently, IRS-1 over-expression was attributed to increased angiogenesis in human EC in association with increased Akt and VEGF-A expression [12], whilst in vivo, antisense IRS-1 sequences delivered by sub-conjunctival injection inhibited rat corneal neovascularisation [21], and when delivered by means of eye-drops (GS-101) were found to be tolerable in a phase-1 clinical trial and may be sufficient to prevent neovascularisation in disease such as retinopathy and neovascular glaucoma [22].