DKK3 and neoplasm: Overexpression of DKK3 has been shown to mediate potent anti-tumor effects including reduced cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and invasion and metastasis, and induced cancer cell specific apoptosis both in vitro and in murine tumor models (Tsuji et al., 2001; Abarzua et al., 2005; Edamura et al., 2007; Tanimoto et al., 2007; Koppen et al., 2008; Mizobuchi et al., 2008; Kawasaki et al., 2009; Gu et al., 2011; Than et al., 2011; Ueno et al., 2011; Dellinger et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2012).