ALB and diabetes mellitus: When the study variables were made binary (any elevated vs. normal, any low vs. normal, no intake vs. yes) among all T2 DM patients, only no intake of fumbwa vegetables, no intake of African pear safou fruit, DM duration ≥5 years, high TBARS, low albumin, high SOD, high 8-OHdG, and high 8-isoprostane were significantly and univariately associated with higher risk of DR (Table 3).