ALB and type 2 diabetes mellitus: After adjusting for sex, HbA1c, TBARS, and DM duration in logistic regression model 1, only no intake of African pear safou fruit, low serum albumin, and no intake of fumbwa vegetables were identified as significant independent variables conferring each 3-fold multivariate risk of DR in these T2DM Bantu ethnic groups (Table 4).