ALB and diabetes mellitus: Indeed, after adjusting for traditional risk factors for DR and avoiding collinearity, multivariate analyses identified no intake of African pear safou, no intake of fumbwa leaves, low serum albumin, high TBARS, high 8-isoprostane, DM duration ≥5 years in only one logistic regression model, and vitamin C deficiency as the most important, significant and independent determinants of the presence of DR in these African patients with T2 DM.