Similarly, the surface glycoproteins of hantaviruses, in particular, those associated with hemorrhagic pulmonary syndrome (HPS), have been shown to affect IRF-3 activation and IFN production via interaction with RIG-I and TBK-1, a kinase responsible for viral-induced IRF-3 phosphorylation, and to inhibit IFN-mediated cellular responses [97,98]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.