In the first, the protein directly binds PI3K and promotes phosphorylation of Akt, which is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in maintaining cell proliferation and survival through a series of downstream signaling events involving activating protein −1 (AP-1) [123] that is upregulated in ATL cells [124] as well as a large number of other cancer types. This evidence concerns the gene FOS and cancer.