Study on gene expression profiles using in vitro infection systems showed that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A; CIP1/WAF1; p21, U09579), interleukin-15 receptor α subunit precursor (U31628), interferon-induced 56-kd protein (IFI-56 K, X31628), and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1C (PTP1C) SHP1 (X62055) and HLA class II histocompatibility antigen α chain (K01171) and HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant subunit (X00497) were prominently induced by the factor of ten or more [52]. Here, CDKN1A is linked to infection.