Studies conducted by the same group in the endemic area of leishmaniasis in Brazil demonstrated that the use of immunomodulatory agents such as granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF production, can lead to faster healing time and higher cure rate in cutaneous leishmaniasis [52–55]. Here, CSF2 is linked to leishmaniasis.