TNF and schistosomiasis: Similarly, SmHMGB from Schistosoma mansoni is a potent inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1Rα, IL-2Rα, IL-6, IL-13, IL-13R, IL-15 and MIP-1α from mouse peritoneal macrophages and was thought to be a key molecule in the development of host inflammatory immune response associated with schistosomiasis [59].