In human studies the level of VIP is increased in neonatal blood of children with DS [17], [18]; Ts65Dn mice have elevated brain VIP mRNA [19], and cortical astrocytes from postnatal day 8 brains show a defect in the signal transduction mechanism of the VIP receptor VPAC-1 with astrocyte dysfunction [20]. This evidence concerns the gene VIP and Dravet syndrome.