TNF and dengue disease: Many studies have investigated the cytokines patterns in serum samples in patients with DHF and these studies have shown that TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13, IL-7, GM-CSF, MIF, along with several other cytokines were elevated in patients with DHF when compared to dengue fever (DF) [21]–[24].