Although CNS recruitment of CD45+ monocytes and T lymphocytes was largely increased during WNV infection, in the absence of IL-1 signaling, we did observe a reduced frequency and total number of these cells at day 7 post infection (Figure 4) and this is consistent with previous studies that showed that IL-1β was important for optimal cellular recruitment to the DLN after WNV infection [8]. Here, IL1A is linked to infection.