TNF and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: In animal models of Alzheimer disease, imipramine significantly prevented memory deficit, inhibited the TNF-α increase in frontal cortex and decreased the elevated levels of β-amyloid both in frontal cortex and in hippocampus [398]; prophylactic paroxetine treatment decreased Alzheimer disease like pathology in the animal model [399] and fluoxetine reduced cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment [400].