Intestinal leukocytosis is more prominent with D + HUS compared to non-EHEC HUS [53], and with Stx in the intestinal epithelial cells [9], there is likely production of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic mediators (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) from epithelial cells and resident macrophages [54,55,56]. Here, TNF is linked to hemolytic-uremic syndrome.