TNF and infection: However, the activation of caspase-12, -9 and APAF1 in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress was not completed in EV71-infected RD cells, which may be associated with MOI, infection duration and EV71 strains, etc. In response to EV71 infection, both NF-κB and c-Jun are activated to translocate into the nucleus to induce the production of IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-α.