NFAT5 and coinfection: Along with canonical NF-κB and MAPK-dependent signaling, it may also be noted that the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) can be activated by TLR signaling induced by Mtb stimulation, and the co-infection of HIV-1 in tuberculosis accelerates an increase of viral load through expression of NFAT5 (Ranjbar et al., 2012).