In an early report, turtle retina fragments were maintained in non-oxygenated Ringer solution for 46 h, with added PACAP38 (0.165 μM) able to protect the horizontal cells against ischemia; after 42 and 46 h, the light response of the cells was significantly higher than responses obtained from control group fragments (Rabl et al., 2002). Here, ADCYAP1 is linked to ischemia.