ATG7 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Mice lacking Bif1, a positive regulator of autophagy, are prone to spontaneous lymphomas, sarcomas, duodenal adenocarcinomas, small cell lung carcinomas, esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, and hepatocellular carcinomas ( Takahashi et al., 2007), whereas Atg4C-/- mice are susceptible to chemical-induced fibrosarcomas ( Marino et al., 2007), and Atg5 or Atg7 deletion in the liver results in hepatocellular adenomas ( Takamura et al., 2011;  Inami et al., 2011).