VEGFA and carcinoma: In general, the molecular mechanisms that control carcinoma progression and metastasis are related to mutations of various oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, metastasis-suppressor genes, and growth factors and their receptors, including Src, Ras, p16, KiSS-1, Nm23, FasL, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and interleukin (IL)-6 (6,7,26,28).