Rat pnpla3 is more abundant in adipose tissue than in liver and more abundant in cytosol than in membrane or lipid droplets, which is different from what has been reported in humans.14, 37 However, our findings demonstrating a strong positive correlation between hepatic PNPLA3 expressions and hepatic lipid content and whole body insulin resistance in humans are consistent with our results demonstrating protection of pnpla3 ASO-treated rats from lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Here, PNPLA3 is linked to Insulin resistance.