TNF and neoplasm: In particular, It has been noted that the intrapleural administration of LcS into tumor-bearing mice has induced the production of several cytokines, such as Interferon-γ [IFN-γ], interleukin-β [IL-1β] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], leading to the inhibition of tumor growth and to an increased survival [58,61].