Studies from the Rowley laboratory have shown that BPH nodules exhibited elevated epithelial IL-8 (aka CXCL8) immunoreactivity associated with myofibroblast accumulation, fibrosis, and reactive stroma [23], and previous studies from our group had shown that both CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, were expressed in BPH tissues [33]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and benign prostatic hyperplasia.