ACE and atrial fibrillation: To investigate AF recurrence, we performed a multivariate stepwise logistic regression model, including variables such as age, gender, BMI, LVEF and LAD, and observed that the ACE gene DD genotype had a 2.35-fold increased risk for AF recurrence (RR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.10–5.04; P= 0.028) compared with the ACE gene II+ID genotype.