TNF and viral infectious disease: When cells are subjected to a variety of stimuli, including bacteria or virus infection, inflammatory cytokines, TNF, LPS, ultraviolet ray and ionizing radiation, IκB is phosphorylated, ubiquitinated and is quickly degraded by proteasomes, NF-κB is released and activated, then translocates into the nucleus and binds to the promoter region of target genes to regulate a series of gene expression patterns involved in the control of different cellular responses (13,14).