Whereas no change in HNF-3β (Foxa2) gene expression was observed in pancreatic islets of IUGR pups (Fig. 5A), Pdx1, Nkx6-1, Pax6 and Mafa gene expression were all specifically decreased in UN islets compared to CON islets (Fig. 5A). The gene discussed is NKX6-1; the disease is fetal growth restriction.