The dependency of E217G-induced cholestasis on both p38 and ERK1/2 results somewhat paradoxical with respect to other reports showing that both MAPK types are involved in choleretic phenomena, such as those induced by the bile salt tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) [54], [55], [56] and cAMP [57]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and cholestasis.