S100A4 and fatty liver disease: Moreover, TGF-ß1 induces S100A4 expression upon LPS stimulation of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (147) and elevated levels of S100A4-positive cells are found in all forms of chronic liver disease, including chronic HCV infection, alcoholic liver disease, non-fatty liver disease, hereditary hemochromatosis, and cryptogenic cirrhosis (148).