In the first smaller study, we reported a 111-fold increased risk of HCC among HBsAg carriers with high urinary AFB1 metabolites and 70-fold for detectable AFB1-albumin adducts compared with those with low/nondetectable levels and negative for HBsAg (53) In the later study, with a much larger sample size, the effect of combined AFB1 exposure and HBV infection is more consistent with an additive than a multiplicative model (55). The gene discussed is ALB; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.