KRAS and pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm: However, the activation of oncogenes such as K-ras (Satoh et al., 1996), sonic hedgehog (Satoh et al., 2008b), and c-erb B-2 (Satoh et al., 1993a), accumulation of p53 (Satoh et al., 1996), or the expression of a member of inhibitor of apoptosis family, survivin, (Satoh et al., 2001) as well as loss of chromosome 18q (Fukushige et al., 1998) in BD-IPMN, indicate the malignant potential of this neoplasm.