MSX2 and neoplasm: In human PDAC tissues, frequent MSX2 expression in cancer cells was observed by immunohistochemistry and a significant correlation was found between MSX2 expression and histological differentiation and vascular invasion, whereas there was no association between this gene expression and the tumor stage (Table 2) (Satoh et al., 2008a), suggesting that MSX2 expression may be associated with the aggressiveness of PDAC because poor differentiation of PDAC is correlated with reduced survival time (Cleary et al., 2004).