SMAD3 and acute myeloid leukemia: We previously identified genes up-regulated in response to VPA (Table S1; ABCA5, AGPAT4, BAG2, COCH, FLIPT1, WDR35, EID3, KCNA3, MAD1, SERPINF1, SMAD3, AKT3, IL12RB2, NDRG2) in AML cells isolated from responding and non-responding patients in vitro[14], and hypothesized that AML cells proliferating in the presence of VPA (non-responsive) induced genes that contributed to resistance.