PTGS2 and cancer: Studies have indicated that in addition to influencing antioxidant enzymes, antioxidants may inhibit carcinogenesis through other non-antioxidant action such as by modulating signaling pathways involved in cellular functions such as proliferation, cell growth and differentiation, by influencing activities of cancer-related enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 and phase I or II metabolizing enzymes or by inducing cell cycle arrest[50].