LPAR1 and carcinoma: Our finding that interaction between GIPC and LPA1 leads to downregulation of Akt signaling has important pathophysiological implications, given 1) that LPA1 has been shown to promote the development of various carcinomas, 2) that mutations in the PDZ binding motif of LPA1 induces oncogenic transformation [1], [42]–[44], [46], [51], [52], and 3) that GIPC plays a tumor suppressor role in breast cancer progression [51], [53].