The study also identifies two X-linked genes associated with altered risk of severe malaria in females, identifies mutations in ADCY9, IL1A and CD40L as being associated with altered risk of severe respiratory distress and acidosis, both of which are characterised by high serum lactate levels, and also identifies two novel (IL-13 and RTN3) genetic associations with cerebral malaria. This evidence concerns the gene CD40LG and cerebral malaria.