TNF and malaria: IL-10 deficient mice infected with normally resolving malaria infections succumb to acute immunopathology [43], high ratios of serum IL-10 to proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF and IL-12 are associated with positive clinical outcomes [44], [45], [46] and IL-10-secreting T cells have been correlated with resistance to severe malaria pathology [47], [48].