Tim-3-expressing CD8+ T cells in HCV- and HIV-1-infected patients predominantly express central memory phenotypes, rather than effector and effector memory phenotypes [16], [19]; HIV-1 infection leads to impaired Stat5, Erk1/2, and p38 signaling in Tim-3-expressing CD8+ T cells [19]. This evidence concerns the gene HAVCR2 and HIV-1 infection.