The expression of μ-calpain, m-calpain and calpastatin has not been previously examined in pancreatic, ampullary or bile duct cancers, however, a single nucleotide polymorphism of calpain-10 (CAPN10) has been associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer in smokers [17]. This evidence concerns the gene CAPN2 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.