INS and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: In a recently published clinical trial with 104 adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease, 4 months of intranasal insulin administration reduced not only general cognitive decline but also preserved metabolic integrity of the brain, as indicated by cognitive testing and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) (32).