Given that autophagy has been implicated in anthrax infection [14], essential protein markers for autophagy, including microtubule- associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, autophagy related gene-7 (Atg-7) and green fluorescent protein-tagged LC3 puncta (GFP-LC3), were monitored in myocardial tissues or H9C2 myoblasts with or without lethal toxin challenge. The gene discussed is MAP1LC3A; the disease is anthrax infection.