DDIT3 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): In response to treatment with 2OHOA or palmitate (150 μM) CHOP expression increased in 1321N1, SF-767 and U118 cells, at the protein level (48 h, Fig. 3 J–L) and it also increased at mRNA levels in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells (Fig 4 E).