Activation of IRE1α resulted in an increase in the expression of the XBP1 transcription factor [24], [25], and 2OHOA and palmitate (150 μM; 24 h and 48 h) markedly up-regulated IRE1α protein levels in 1321N1, SF-767 and U118 cells (Fig. 3 F, G and H) and modestly up-regulated mRNA levels in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells (Fig 4 B). This evidence concerns the gene ERN1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).