CAPN14 and cholesteatoma: For example, CAPN14 is a member of the calpain family of cytosolic calcium-activated cysteine proteases [37], other members of which mediate host cell invasion by known otopathogens [38] and are up-regulated in cholesteatoma associated with OM and its sequelae, including OME, COME and chronic suppurative OM [39].