SPP1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Following OPN binding to receptors such as the αvβ3 integrins, it can directly stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of lung cancer cells, and may regulate the genesis and migration of lung cancer cells, increase vascular permeability, alter the extracellular matrix, induce angiogenesis, activate intracellular signaling pathways and promote the growth of NSCLC [17].