MVA infection has also been reported to induce robust production of chemokines in human macrophages/monocytes [82], [83] and this observation correlated with the results obtained in our study in which MVA-C-ΔF1L infection of human THP-1 macrophages markedly up-regulated IFN-β as well as IL-8 and IP-10 chemokines production (data not shown). The gene discussed is IFNB1; the disease is infection.