TNF and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: The precise mechanisms of action of laquinimod have yet to be elucidated; however, current studies in the MS model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), indicate that laquinimod can suppress immune cell migration and expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-17 [41].