Septin 9 (SEPT9), a DNA methylation-based biomarker, has been functionally linked with oncogenesis through its activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway, which promotes tumour progression, and the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, which plays an important role in cell proliferation, cell transformation, and tumour progression[66,67]. Here, SEPTIN9 is linked to neoplasm.