HMGB1 and neoplasm: Importantly, radiation has been shown to induce an immunogenic cell death (ICD), characterized by three molecular signals that promote uptake of dying cells by dendritic cells, cross-presentation of the tumor-derived antigens to T cells, and activation of anti-tumor T cells: exposure of calreticulin on the tumor cell surface, release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), and release of ATP (Apetoh et al., 2007; Obeid et al., 2007a,b; Ghiringhelli et al., 2009).