Additional complexity has been added by the recent demonstration that Tim-3-galectin-9 interactions can also alter the function of the cells producing galectin-9; Tim-3-expresing T cells induced bactericidal activity in galectin-9 expressing macrophages infected with TB [25] and galectin-9 induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes from HCV-infected livers [21]. The gene discussed is HAVCR2; the disease is tuberculosis.